Bixa orellana, also known as annatto or achiote, is an evergreen shrub or small tree from the Bixaceae family, native to tropical regions of America. It grows to a height of 3–6 metres and has heart-shaped leaves and striking pink to whitish flowers. Particularly characteristic are the spiny, red capsule fruits, which contain numerous seeds surrounded by an intense red wax layer.
These seeds are used to extract the natural dye annatto, which has been used for centuries as a food colouring, in cosmetics, textiles and for ritual body painting. Today, it is used worldwide as a natural additive (E160b) in products such as cheese, butter and margarine.
In the traditional medicine of many indigenous peoples of the Americas, Bixa orellana is used to treat skin diseases, digestive problems and infections. Modern studies have confirmed the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the dye.
The plant was also of great cultural significance: the powder, known as ‘roucou’, was used by indigenous tribes for body painting, sun protection and ritual purposes. To this day, it symbolises vitality, protection and cultural identity in many parts of Latin America.
Today, Bixa orellana is cultivated in numerous tropical regions and combines practical use, medicinal significance and cultural heritage.